Strategy of Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example for Free

System of Corporate Social Responsibility Essay We as a whole realize that benefit a venture wins isn't just made without anyone else, yet additionally by an aftereffect of the collaboration between purchasers, governmental issues and the general public condition of the undertaking being at. On the off chance that an undertaking needs to work over the long haul, it should be worried about the issue of its general condition. Likewise, just a partnership which can bear duties of society and comply with the standard of ethic has the right to get support from the general public. In this paper, I will examine about whether if the methodology of Corporate Social Responsibility is important. The idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), like morals, is straightforward: it implies separate right from wrong, and doing right. It implies being a decent corporate resident. The conventional meaning of social duty is management’s commitment to settle on decisions and take activities that will add to the government assistance and interests of society just as the association (Szwajkowski, 1986: Davis et al., 1979). CSR is a sort of insightful origination, it doesn't have unmistakable official measures and rules. An absence of the soul of CSR, we can't locate the significance and notoriety of why this venture exists. Organizations and individuals need profounder importance of exist. These days, CSR methodology is generally satisfactory by the supervisors of each undertaking. Nonetheless, there are various of individuals have been contending about their various convictions, a large number of the specialists banter about CSR. Milton Friedman and others have contended that a partnerships reason for existing is to boost comes back to its investors, and that since (in their view), no one but individuals can have social obligations, organizations are just mindful to their investors and not to society all in all. Milton Friedman have called attention to this in his book, Capitalism and Freedom: There is one and only one social duty of business to utilize its assets and take part in exercises intended to expand its benefits inasmuch as it remains inside the standards of the game, or, in other words, participates in open and free rivalry without double dealing or misrepresentation (Friedman, 1962). The ma jority of the supervisors and laws bolstered this idea in the good 'ol days. â€Å"Only individuals can have duties. An organization is a fake individual and in this sense may have fake obligations, however ‘business’ overall can't be said to have duties, even in this dubious sense†. (Friedman, 1970) What's more, in the 1996 discourse of Roger Kerr, the contention that â€Å"the exercises of personal business are socially advantageous inasmuch as they areâ conducted under the standard of law and inside a system of open rivalry. When exposed to those controls, business all things considered advances its inclinations in a manner that advances the interests of the entire network, and, in addition, advances the network intrigue more proficiently and dependably than some other financial arrangement.†(Kerr, 1996) If the corporate business assume a lot of liability of society, at that point Basically, the capacity of an undertaking association is to make benefit, and government ought to take care of the issue of society by the expenses it forces. I wonder on the off chance that the greater duty the ventures take, at that point there are no much contrasts between an endeavor and government, in addition the undertaking will wind up being a consuming association. Then again, R J Hubbard presents an alternate perspective from Milton Friedman and Roger Kerr. â€Å"shareholders aren’t the main gathering of individuals that have a stake in the achievement of an organization and that different partners are workers, clients, suppliers.†(Hubbard,1996) And â€Å"business proprietors and business chiefs should attempt to accommodate the premiums of the different stakeholders.† (Hubbard,1996) â€Å"as investors in an organization one gets certain benefits from society as conveyed through government.† â€Å"limited obligation, the capacity to gain a dollar far beyond that of the normal pay or compensation worker and a large group of other benefits.† Thus, â€Å"one ought get these benefits as well as offer back to the general public that has made them available.†(Hubbard, 1996) The social duty of business includes the financial, legitimate, moral, and optional desires that society has of associations at a given point in time. (Carroll, 1979) To summarize, I believe Corporate Social Responsibility to be a reasonable methodology. Yet, we ought not exclusively put accentuation on CSR without considering business’s objective of expanding benefit. CSR will be attractive if corporate increment its benefit however such lead and society in general is the recipient. All things considered, what amount of obligation should a corporate weight with? This is a continually troublesome issue to get a handle on. To a corporate, it ought to assess limit itself and parity the advantages internal and external before taking certain duties. Word check : 769 Reference List Friedman, M. (2002) Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hubbard, R J. (1996)The business of business isn't simply business Samson, D., Daft, R L. (2003)Management South Melbourne, Victoria

Quantitative Research Design Essay

Business explore is, ostensibly, established on the investigation of social communications inside the domain of business and exchange. Up to this point, such research has seen firm counter-position of two research ideal models: quantitative and subjective, the main getting from positivism, the last from interventionism. In reality, the positions taken by singular specialists fluctuate significantly between those like Bryman (1988) who contends for a â€Å"best of both worlds† approach by proposing that subjective and quantitative methodologies be joined to those of researchers like Hughes (1997) whom neutralizes by expressing that such technicist arrangements think little of the governmental issues of authenticity that are related with the selection of techniques. It is the reason for this article to investigate these two research structures featuring the positive perspectives just as the defects and cutoff points, and featuring the ascent of what is regularly alluded to as the â€Å"mixed† technique. The entirety of this will be seen inside a business challenge. In particular, taking a gander at the author’s proposed future research in the domain of business exchanges, the contentions introduced will mirror this circle of research. Quantitative and subjective research depend on various philosophical methodologies and philosophies. Quantitative research gets from neo-positivist way of thinking which underlines the confidence within the sight of an essential truth as its center establishment. This point of view of seeing the world deciphers in the usage of research approaches established on logical examination through factual elaborations and numerical models. The subjective methodology on the other hand, doesn't feature the nearness of outright realities yet rather certainties which are reliant on the specific point of view from which a wonder is seen through. This off base involves that subjective research is attempted fundamentally through the reception of story and consistent derivation. These distinctions show up embodied in Best and Khan’s (1989: 90-90) proclamation: â€Å"Quantitative research comprises of those examinations wherein the information concerned can be broke down as far as numbers†¦Research can likewise be quantitative, that is, it can portray occasions, people, etc deductively without the utilization of numerical data†¦Quantitative research is increasingly open and receptive to its subject. † From a first look, it shows up obvious that there are generous contrasts between the quantitative and subjective methodologies. In fact, the manner in which information is gotten, the adaptability in methodological application, the target and emotional nature of the outcomes acquired, are only a couple of the most obvious purposes of difference. Such agreements has brought about what has been characterized as the â€Å"paradigm wars† which has featured and accentuated the contradiction of the two methodologies. For an extended timeframe the quantitative methodology has been seen the best type of research for two fundamental arrangements of reason. Right off the bat, logical advancement in the only remaining century has anticipated the thought of the logical methodology as the most adept for clarifying our general surroundings. Also, the appearance of the â€Å"information age† from the 1980’s has seen the capacity of explaining an immense measure of information electronically therefore further advancing the logical methodology as the best technique to embrace for inquire about. As of late in any case, the separation between the quantitative and subjective has decreased to the point of numerous researchers pushing a discussion on the benefits of a blended research system using the qualities of the two ways of thinking. For sure, the journey for acquiring the most ideal research result has seen a reconceptualization of research techniques with a mix of the two primary ways of thinking which might be utilized to merge and convalidate (characterized as â€Å"triangulation†), invalidate information or without a doubt educate new ways regarding enquiry. To be sure, look into papers today regularly contain measurable information got from the quantitative philosophy which is then introduced and figured in interviews which put the information into the â€Å"real-world† viewpoint. The combination of the two methodologies additionally bodes well when one begins to take a gander at the shared characteristics between them. In reality, the two methodologies share the accompanying attributes: - Research venture structure - Identification of data - Information the board - Analysis of information - Empirical perceptions There are numerous different attributes which rather separate quantitative and subjective research, however a developing gathering of researchers are presently seeing these distinctions as positive in that they may strengthen as opposed to diminish one another. This is regularly alluded to as â€Å"triangulation† and I accept this to be of fundamental significance inside the setting of business inquire about. Surely, much the same as the incorporated methodology, the business circle additionally is a blend and combination of measurements, and â€Å"hard† monetary information related to â€Å"softer† story clarifications got from meetings, and center gatherings. Digging significantly more explicitly into my proposed domain of research which bases on the business arrangement philosophies received in multicultural situations and boondocks advertises, the incorporated methodology is, as I would like to think, the main methodology equipped for giving a valid and exact system for growing such research. This case is further maintained on the off chance that one considers the eleven manners by which it is conceivable to consolidate subjective and quantitative research techniques: 1)Logic of triangulation in which the discoveries from one kind of study can be checked against the discoveries from the other sort as above featured; 2)Facilitation of subjective research for quantitative research. In this case the subjective research educates the quantitative technique by giving fundamental foundation data and a unique situation; 3)Facilitation of quantitative research for subjective research. In this event quantitative research procedure assists with educating the subjective one by giving a channel and narrowing down the subjects which legitimacy further examination. 4)Quantitative and subjective methodologies are consolidated into one along these lines outfitting a more top to bottom investigation. 5)Structure and process.

Another Monday COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Another Monday COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog After a relaxing weekend, most of us return to work ready to conquer our weekly to-do list with enthusiasm and determination.   Theres always a lot to do on a Monday mainly catching up on emails from the weekend and trying to address time sensitive issues quickly.   There seems to be a lot of those these days. This Monday were also preparing for our Wednesday virtual information session (if you havent registered, theres still time to join in on the fun).   Were also preparing to hop on a plane to Houston, TX  Email us if you want to meet Alvin in person to talk about our programs and the admissions process.   Weve updated our recruitment schedule on our website with a few more off campus events we will be participating in this fall (more to come). Another big project were working on that will affect many of you soon; we are launching a new application for the fall admissions period very exciting but also complicated from the back end.   If we do it right, you wont notice a thing but if we dont put it together properly then I know our phones will ring with anxious prospective candidates.   So were aiming to get it right the first time.   This will not affect those of you interested in applying for our Spring 2014 term since we will still be on the current platform [with some improvements].   For those of you who are ready to get down to business and dont want to wait an entire year to join a great community and start working on your Master of International Affairs or Master of Public Administration degree, stay tuned for the launch of our Spring application. (Sorry, our MPA in Development Practice program is only offered in the fall.)

Reflective Paper on Gay Marriage - 2764 Words

Two Suits or Two Dresses: It’s Still Love Shaka Ammons Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility Nadine Acevedo January 28, 2013 Today many people have their own opinions and beliefs when it comes down to the topic of gay marriage. I personally feel that gay marriage should be legalized. Yes God said, â€Å"That marriage is to be between a man and a woman.† My question is, â€Å"What gives people the right to judge or tell another human-being who to love or how to love?† I personally feel it’s insulting to one’s integrity and people should be able to express their love how they see fit. For centuries the United States has been known for its civil rights and freedoms. Many Americans are angered by the idea of same-sex relationships and†¦show more content†¦Such as pedophilia and polygamy which are controversial subjects but not as much as gay marriage. Even though comparing pedophilia and polygamy to gay marriage is a little much, people feel that allowing gay marriage goes against their morals, their views on society, lives they want for their children, and the future. For some violating same-sex couples civil right is worth it in the end only because they want to protect the value of a man-woman type marriage. To deny gays and lesbians the right to marry is in violation of their civil rights as a citizen of the United States of America. Legalizing gay marriage is not to attack how one feels and how they view things, but so that those can have a chance at equality also. Gay marriage is a very emotional topic and is going to be for years to come. So many people feel that homosexuality is wrong and not normal and therefore believe that homosexuals don’t deserve the right to be married. People are going to debate on whether gay marriage is â€Å"right or wrong†, that’s just the way it is. For most of it Christian groups have been the â€Å"chief of state† when it boils down to same-sex marriage. Growing up in a Christian faith home we were taught that God loves everyone. So answer this question, â€Å"Does that circle of people not include gays or lesbians?† The Constitution gives our rights thanks to the founding fathers of our country. As Americans is this country we have many rights such as freedom of speech, freedom ofShow MoreRelatedThe Social Policy Of Same Sex Marriage1303 Words   |  6 Pagescritically analyzing the social policy of same sex marriage using four Australian newspaper articles to demonstrate and examine how inequality through diversity and difference are present and experienced in the public domain. The essay will draw upon What ideological values and assumptions are present in both the newspaper articles and social policy?, What are the social justice concerns in relation to the current same sex policy?, concluding with a reflective component exploring where in relation to theRead MoreThe Law : The Common Law874 Words   |  4 Pagesof the judicial decisions that help clarify the ambiguity that often times arises out of the legislated law. The common law does a great deal of work because it helps shape and mold the legislation and allows the statutory ambiguity to be more reflective of the current state of the nation and of the body of the law itself. â€Å"Historically, [the common law] is made quite differently from the Continental code. The code precedes judgments; the common law follows them. The code articulates in chaptersRead MoreThe Cultural Perspective On My Life1315 Words   |  6 PagesSuch factors include a person s nationality, race and gender† (Ask.com). The cultural perspective has had a large impact on my life and comes out in numerous theories. Such as conformity, internalize commitment, post conventional, individuative-reflective and democratic. Conformity Conforming is when you â€Å"identify closely with dominant society† (Daniels, 2015). Starting fifth grade year, I began attempting to conform to the dominant society, since that was the majority of my school’s populationRead More1. Bridggette Hambrick: Homosexuality And Racism. 10. Bridggette3544 Words   |  15 PagesBridggette Hambrick HR5013-110 January 27, 2017 OU Advanced Programs Abstract In this paper I am discussing the racial and prejudice issues of homosexuals. In the present day, homosexuals are being accepted in a better light than thirty years ago. Although, there are still racial slurs, non-acceptance issues, and violence that the homosexual communities are dealing with on a daily basis. In this paper I am discussing Lena. She is a lesbian trying to feel approval of the social world, and herRead MoreSummary Of Angels Of America By Ifeanyi Dike Jr. Essay2068 Words   |  9 PagesAn Analysis Paper – Angels in America by Ifeanyi Dike Jr 1. World/Dramatic Universe a. In Tony Kushner’s Angels in America, It’s 1985 Brooklyn, New York – 15 years before the new Millennium. It’s fall – warm and cold at once. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is emerging, yet quickly raging causing mass hysteria, fear and confusion amidst the gay community. Ronald Regan is the president of the United States and is suppressing the AIDS research by quite simply, ignoring it. Each character in this play is eitherRead MoreThe Morality of Homosexuality4311 Words   |  18 Pagessome nations and states it is illegal, and often it is considered immoral. The Bible, especially the New Testament, is firmly opposed to it, a fact that concerns people who adhere to the Bible, but it need not be a concern for those who do not. This paper is geared towards discovering the etymology/historical origin of homosexuality, types/stages of development, its effects on individuals and in fact arguments against and arguments for a homosexual alternative. At the end of this essay, I shall takeRead MoreEssay on Comparison of George Herbert Mead and Sigmund Freud3378 Words   |  14 Pages The superego will be in conflict with the id. Unlike the ego, which attempts to postpone id satisfaction to more appropriate times and places, the superego will attempt to inhibit id satisfaction completely (Schultz and Schultz, 2008). Next this paper will discuss the early life of George Herbert Mead and his contributions on the subject of the self in society from a sociological perspective. The Work of George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) George Herbert Mead a sociologist associated with the symbolicRead MoreMy Life Of The Age Of Thirty Three2250 Words   |  9 PagesSprings, Mexico, New Orleans, Las Vegas, and Chicago. I feel guilty or embarrassed by what surely sounds like gloating about our financial capacities, but I’m more so just really proud of where we are and how far we’ve come in almost ten years of marriage. However, we didn’t get here alone. Several factors have impacted our current socio-economic status and allowed us this comfortable lifestyle: our parents, careers, and practicality. First and foremost, we’re middle class citizens because our parentsRead MoreComparison of the Works of Smith and Morales2590 Words   |  10 Pagesinterpretation and the recognition of the main theme becomes fairly obvious. For this paper, we would be considering two works of Literature, one is What its like to be a Black Girl by Patricia Smith and the second one being the Child of the Americas by Aurora Levins Morales. Both of these poems take up the topic of racism and how it is to belong to an American society labeled as one race or the other. The paper would also see if and how the same subject of racism has been approached by the twoRead MoreRichard Nixon Was The Last Liberal Era2168 Words   |  9 Pagesof the federal government. The improprieties of Nixon’s presidency and the stagflation that took hold at the end of his term influenced the mood of the American people. This fundamental shift away from liberalism and towards conservatism is most reflective in the the presidents that succeeded Nixon. In addition, Nixon’s presidency makes it difficult, to define presidents as either liberal or conservative in the context of the twentieth century because their policies are so varied and often reflect

Essay about Dehumanization of Humanity - 1341 Words

Since the Declaration of Independence America has been the land of the free. Every man was born with inalienable rights that could not be separated from their being. When God created the world he made man king of all the animals and plants and America was the first country to realize this. Well, that is unless that man was from African roots. By simply having a different skin color certain men no longer seemed to have that inalienable right to rule over the earth, plants and animals; rather they were seen as animals themselves. The institution of slavery seemed to alienate the inalienable, enslave the world’s rulers, and dehumanize humanity. While most slaves experienced the dehumanization that slavery thrust upon them, every slave†¦show more content†¦He was a mere child when it had happened, yet remembered it so vividly that it seemed as if it had only happened the day before. When Mr. Gore took it upon himself to beat Demby he was only able to get in a few whips be fore Demby ran and stood in the river in order to avoid being beat. Mr. Gore then gave Demby the count to three to get out of the water. When Demby failed to move in the time demanded Mr. Gore, â€Å"raised his musket to [Demby’s] face, taking deadly aim at his standing victim, and in an instant poor Demby was not more. His mangled body sank out of sight, and blood and brains maker the water where he stood (Douglass, 364).† While everyone saw this horror happen, the only questioning that Mr. Gore received was why he had to do it. The thought of murder did not cross anyone’s mind. It was only seen as a waste of a commodity much like allowing a loaf of bread to spoil. By turning slaves into commodities the masters were able to physically dominate those they controlled. Education was also used as a way to control the slaves. By refusing to educate them in the ways of literacy, the slave owners were able to prevent escape and force the slaves into the darkness that coincides with illiteracy. Douglass was able to understand this form of dehumanization when his former mistress first began teaching him how to read. As hard as the master tried to keep Douglass ignorant his warning to his wife was actually the start of Douglass’s journey. Mr. Auld toldShow MoreRelatedPeople Hating People throughout History793 Words   |  3 Pageswill notice how the guards were treating the dead, which was like sacks of flour, and they will also notice how the living had to share clothing and different provisions from the dead to survive. Considering that, it is clearly present that with dehumanization around, those who are being dehumanized are not treated fairly which is not right because everyone deserves to be treated fairly. Furthermore, National Security should focus more on making people feel safe and comfortable so they have a betterRead MoreThe Death Of The Nuremberg Trials ( 1945-46 ) Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesThe Poison has Spread The Nuremberg trials (1945-46) were named â€Å"the greatest trial in history†; they focused on the crimes against humanity that the Nazi’s committed towards others in defense of being superior. They tortured people, treated them like animals, and ultimately dehumanized them. It became a fight, a trial of humanity as the world witnessed the atrocities committed by the Nazis. However, despite the occurrence of this trial and its proof of brutality towards humans, the world ignoredRead More1984 Analytical Essay861 Words   |  4 Pageslove for survival. Winston says not only to â€Å"do it to Julia!†, but to â€Å"strip he to the bones† so he does not have to go through the intense torture. He exchanges his love and his humanity in order to survive, and therefore ceases being human. Orwell shows how the limiting of creativity takes away from our humanity. In the golden country Winston is lying down enjoying the ambience. Orwell illustrates, â€Å"But by degrees the flood of music drove all speculations out of his mind†¦he stopped thinkingRead MoreThe Massacre And Abu Ghraib Torture Prison1660 Words   |  7 Pagestorture at Abu Ghraib was reported by Seymour Hersh, the same man who broke the story of My Lai in 1969. (The Learning Network, March 16, 2012). Another significant similarity between the two events, are they both demonstrate an extreme example of dehumanization. â€Å"Before we came to Vietnam you almost did not even think of Vietnamese as people, Ken Schiel admits 40 years after he took part in the massacre. (AlJazeera, December 31, 2008). Likewise, Sargent Fredrick, the senior enlisted man at Abu GhraibRead MoreLife Is Beautiful And The Novel `` Survival `` Auschwitz ``1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust affected millions of people fo r the rest of their lives. Both Primo Levi (the main character in Survival of Auschwitz) and Guido (the main character in Life is Beautiful) suffered through the dehumanization process, working long harsh hours, but the effects of the dehumanization differ through each main character. Primo and Guido are of the Italian descent and speak Italian. In the concentration camps, many different languages were spoken among the prisoners, resulting in many not beingRead MoreHumanity600 Words   |  3 Pages Humanity is a part of everyday life, but what if your humanity was lost? All throughout the human existence, there has been humanity. In the time period of humanity, humanity was put to the test. Mass genocides, cruel leaders, world wars, and many more have shown humanity at its lowest. It shows how humanity is completely destroyed in times of injustice and war. Surviving Hitler, by Andrea Warren and The Diary of Anne Frank by Goodrich and Hackett show how the Nazi party dehumanized all EuropeansRead MoreDehumanization Of Women In Shakespeares The Taming Of The Shrew795 Words   |  4 Pagesmanipulating humans in many ways. The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare should not be performed to RBHS students because it sends a detrimental message to the audience that women are dehumanized through another’s desire for money. The dehumanization of women should not be shown in a play because it is against the common morals of today’s society. In The Taming of the Shrew, the objectification of women is shown through the story of Petruchio’s search for money. When Petruchio comes to PaduaRead MoreThe Effects Of Dehumanization In Night Before The War By Elie Wiesel904 Words   |  4 PagesDehumanization, although a concrete historical fact, is not a given destiny but the result of an unjust order that engenders violence in the oppressors, which in turn dehumanizes the oppressed† (Paulo Freire). No is born violent or racist. It is only when something unjust happens, that a person feels the need to dehumanize the oppressed or themselves, even. Elie Wiesel is a perfect example of someone who experiences this dehumanization, and bears the effects of it. In his memoir Night, beforeRead MoreEssay on Survival in Auschwitz by Primo Levi922 Words   |  4 Pagesinflicted upon the prisoners of the concentration camp by the Schutzstaffel, through dehumanization. Levi describes â€Å"the denial of humanness† constantly forced upon the prisoners through similes, metaphors, and imagery of animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization (â€Å"Dehumanization†). He makes his readers aware of the cruel reality in the concentration camp in order to help them examine the psychological effects dehumanization has not only on those dehumanized, but also on those who dehumanize. He establishesRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath And The Great Gatsby1738 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Gatsby, respectively. Each author uses the characterization of the wealthy classes to condemn the American Dream and show how people of this time portrayed by fictional characters were dehumanized. Steinbeck in The Grapes of Wrath portrays dehumanization through landlords and government officials, who are seen persistently harassing the Joad family, the main characters of the novel, and making their quest o f survival near impossible. On the other hand, Fitzgerald, through the use of characterization

British Imperialism in India Free Essays

â€Å"All the leadership had spent their early years in England. They were influenced by British thought, British ideas, that is why our leaders were always telling the British â€Å"How can you do these things? They’re against your own basic values. â€Å". We will write a custom essay sample on British Imperialism in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now We had no hatred, in fact it was the other way round – it was their values that made us revolt. † -Aruna Asaf Ali, a leader of the Indian National Congress. There is no doubt that British imperialism had a large impact on India. India, having previously been an group of independent and semi-independent princedoms and territories, underwent great change under British administration. Originally intended to consolidate their hold on India by establishing a population that spoke the same language as their rulers, the British decision in the 1830s to educate Indians in a Western fashion, with English as the language of instruction, was the beginning of a chain of events, including a rise in Indian nationalism, that led to Indian resentment of British imperialism and ultimately to the loss of British control over India. One of the most important factors in the British loss of control over India was the establishment of English as a unifying language. Prior This in turn led to further resentment of British imperialism, and claims that military regulations were an attempt by the British to destroy the traditional caste system. There was, however, much suspicion that this declaration meant nothing and that Britain had no intention of relinquishing control beyond simple aspects such as health services, agriculture and public works (Cowie, 39, 1994). Ghandi†tms Western education allowed him to develop his radical technique of â€Å"satyagraha†tm or â€Å"truth force†tm, whereby laws were opposed with the force of truth and moral consciousness instead of violence. This movement consisted mostly of British-educated intellectuals, and ironically was made possible by the British encouragement of higher education, originally intended to create a middle management that could carry out simple administration jobs. Ghandi was â€Å"†shrewd enough to utilise the nature of British rule in India to win independence without too much bloodshed† (Masani, quoted in Wood, 32, 1989). With this in mind, the Montagu Declaration was issued in 1917, promising â€Å"gradual†tm and â€Å"progressive†tm self-government for India. As well as the moderate nationalism that grew within the Indian National Congress, extreme nationalism was also becoming prevalent. While earlier in the century, the English language and European political principles gave rise to the Indian nationalist movement, these were the tools used to strengthen the movement and to create unity among the Indian people. † (Cowie, 36, 1994) This Congress, however, had no power in terms of action and it can be seen as an attempt by the British to appease Indian nationalists who wanted progress. The Indian National Congress was the largest and most obvious nationalist group, formed so that â€Å"educated Indians†could express dissatisfaction with the British colonial administration and suggest reforms. Ghandi also gained insight into his culture through â€Å"discussion with English friends on religion, both Christianity and Hinduism, which he now began to discover on a philosophical level† (Masselos, 121, 1972). The publication of magazines and journals in English was also a great influence on the rise of Indian nationalism. to British colonisation, India was fragmented and multi-lingual, with 15 major languages and around 720 dialects. But in both cases there were actually both. How to cite British Imperialism in India, Essay examples

Welsh Rugby Union Risk Management Concept

Introduction Risk management is one of the tasks that need unparalleled attention in the construction industry. Risk management may refer to the process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating the hazards or the uncertainties that alter the objectives or focus of a firm (Taylor 2003). The process of risk management is critical in the construction industry as it entails a myriad of evaluation techniques and problem-solving approaches to reducing harm or altering adverse circumstances associated with a project (Thai 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Welsh Rugby Union Risk Management Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The focus of this section is to provide a risk assessment report through an evaluation of a risk-associated case study. The essay focuses on the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) as the organisation in a predesigned case to evaluate several aspects and concepts associated with risk management in a c onstruction paradigm. Identification of the Key Stakeholders According to the definitions from reliable construction studies, a stakeholder is an organisation or an individual with interests or a specific concern in a business or an organisation (Taylor 2003). Stakeholders can be organisational owners, organisational employees, organisational customers, or organisational suppliers. The primary stakeholders of the Welsh Rugby Union project are the Cardiff County Council and the Welsh Rugby Union, who were subsidiary organisations under the Millennium Stadium Plc. For the individual persons, Vemon Pugh and Glanmor Griffith were the respective chairperson and treasurer of the Welsh Rugby Union. For the Cardiff County Council, the person stakeholders were Russell Goodway (the Council Leader), Bryon Davies (the Chief Executive), and Pat Thompson (The Project Coordinator and Operations Manager). The main contractor was Liang Construction. For the subcontractors, the primary stakeholders w ere James Armstrong and Simon Turner. Identification of the WRU’s Organisational Objectives WRU had specific targets on each of the mentioned stakeholders. The Welsh Rugby Union itself took part in the project as the principal fundraiser to source for financial resources for the stadium project. The WRU organisation entrusted the Cardiff County Council to take part in the construction of the stadium as project coordinator and operations controllers. The Cardiff Country Council was to take care of project coordination and project controlling. The main contractor, the Liang Construction Company, was to take care of the construction of the stadium project through either its constructors or the subsidiary contractors (subcontractors).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The aim of hiring the Liang Construction Company was to help the Cardiff County Council in project coordina tion through the processes of project management and project directorship. The subcontractors, James Armstrong and Simon Turner, were to support in project directorship and project management while the bankers were to fund the project. WRU’s desirable behavioural outcomes for the Identified Stakeholders For the stadium project to get the expected completion, WRU had some desirable behavioural outcomes for each of the identified stakeholders above (Xavier 2015a). For the Cardiff County Council, these stakeholders were to conduct themselves with the utmost professionalism, high levels of trust and cooperation, and demonstrate their power of influence in the project coordination and operations processes (Xavier 2015a). The WRU organisation expected the Liang Construction Company to conduct itself with maximum reliability, efficiency in construction deals, a high responsibility in their construction strategies, strategic planning, and execution efforts, and high levels of trust. For the subcontractors, the WRU organisation expected the managers of the sub-contraction companies, James Armstrong and Simon Turner to act with utmost professionalism, be highly time conscious, be submissive to their primary contractors, and be strategic in decision-making. The potential risks faced by the WRU Following the failure of the primary contractor, Liang Constructions, to deliver the Millennium Stadium Project within the estimated budget and expected timeline, WRU might face some potential risks. The first risk that the WRU organisation might face is financial losses due to the underestimated budget that later exceeded in several construction phases. The second risk that the WRU organisation might face is the transfer of litigation from the main contractor to the owner following the border scandal between the WRU and the CRFC airspace. The first solution to the problem of financial losses was the hiring of financial experts, who could provide financial assessments and ex pert audits to determine the actual expenditures against the estimated costs. To create a remedial action against the second problem that relates to border litigation, the Millennium Stadium Plc should have hired an independent design consultant.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Welsh Rugby Union Risk Management Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Strategic Factors of Each of the Stakeholders The primary stakeholders had strategic considerations that they required from the employer. For the Welsh Rugby Union, the strategic factors that the company considered from its employer, the Millennium Stadium Plc. were financial support and stability, strategic governmental associations, influence over the public, and the power to attend to legitimate complaints. The other important stakeholder is the Cardiff County Council, which relied on five main strategic factors from the employer. These strategic factors inc luded the stability of the organisation in strategic event planning and coordination, its ability to release the finances on time, its ability to source for financial solutions whenever necessary, and its ability to offer periodical changes for the coordinators. These strategic factors would help the project coordinators and operators to seek for necessary support from the employers whenever needed. Another significant stakeholder was the Liang construction company. The Liang Construction Company expected the following from the employer. The main strategic factors for the Liang Construction Company included the ability of the employer to negotiate for reasonable construction issues, the ability of the company to remain legally accountable for the issues that resulted from its mishap, and the ability of then employer to influence its subsidiary stakeholders to cooperate effectively in the program development. The other two stakeholders, who are the subcontractors, needed the company to remain responsible for supervising its main contractor, to offer the required financial and social support in the project development. For the bankers, the Barclays Bank and the Debenture Holders, the Millennium Stadium Plc was to have enough assets to support the loan, have the financial capacity to manage the finance, and have the appropriate human resource to avert the probable financial risks. Some Measures for the Stakeholders in their Business with WRU WRU seems to be an organisation that allows a certain level of corruption in its tendering procedures. To provide a sufficient benchmark for working professionally with the WRU organisations, the stakeholders, including the contractors, subcontractors, and the financiers, should develop stringent policy frameworks that will be sufficient to uphold the WRU members accountable of any malpractices (Al-bizri Gray 2010). The policy framework that the contractors and subcontractors may rely on efficient contracting process that wi ll allow the companies to subvert the risk damping the WRU may practice during the tendering and implementation of the contract (Al-bizri Gray 2010). For the financiers, the WRU may use the weakness of the contractors to swindle finances and subject the contractors to frustrations. Developing a policy framework that involves the incorporation of independent financial auditors to evaluate the financial progress in the project from the tendering to the contract awarding and project construction will be imperative.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Identification of the Hazards and Risks for the Stakeholders A risk may befall any stakeholder (Jorgensen Emmitt 2008). The first and the most important part of risk management is the identification of the hazards and their associated risks in a construction project. For the contractors and constructors, the first risk related to the building of the Millennium Stadia is the presence of the un-barricaded cliff located around the Blue Mountains. This risk will probably affect the contractors and constructors in a manner that without setting up a remedial action to counter the problem, the situation may result in physical and residual risk to the public (Jorgensen Emmitt 2008). The contractors and the constructors are also at a likelihood of suffering from the risk of falling of the un-barricaded cliff at the Blue Mountains and cause human suffering through an injury or death. The falling of the un-barricaded cliff may cause financial problems, political instabilities, stakeholder di sagreements, and environmental depletions. Probability (Likelihood) of Hazard and Risk Occurrence Risks will likely or unlikely occur depending on the prevailing situations in a construction site or a construction facility (Xavier 2015b). Based on the provided information on risk management, fundamental and advanced tools, the likelihood of the occurrence of a risk associated with the falling of the un-barricaded cliff at the Blue Mountains, if no remedial actions placed is three in a scale of five (3/5). This fraction represents 60% chances of risk occurrence, which means that there is a partial belief that the cliff may fall off. Without the remedial actions, the risk may occur, and the consequences may befall the public (Xavier 2015b). The potential consequences associated with the falling of the cliff at the Blue Mountains rate at five in a scale of five (5/5). The figures depict that the falling of the cliff will have severe consequences of high magnitude impact. The Mitigation (Control) Measures for the Risks Any risk associated with a construction facility or a construction project must receive attention and measures to mitigate it (Forgues Koskela 2009). A construction project under a risk of falling requires remedial solutions to avert the risk from befalling the public or the residents located within the construction premise (Forgues Koskela 2009). Providing sufficient control measures to avert a risk or hazard from affecting the civilians is the first approach that assures the compliance of the contractors in a construction project (Xavier 2015a). In the first incidence of the falling of the un-barricaded cliffs at the Blue Mountains, the mitigation or control measure instituted by the constructors is the installation of only a safety net at the base of the cliff. According to Forgues and Koskela (2009), a safety net is relevant in reducing the amount of debris or in subverting the falling debris. In the second incidence of the falling of the un-b arricaded cliff at the Blue Mountains, the mitigation strategy instituted is the construction or installation of only a fence at the foot of the cliff (Xavier 2015b). The installation of the fence at the foot of the cliff would reduce the hazards associated with the falling debris that could affect the citizens or people living near the construction premise (Forgues Koskela 2009). During the occurrence of the third incidence, that is, whenever the two remedies failed absolutely to prevent the falling of the un-barricaded cliff at the Blue Mountains, the instituted plan involves the installation of both a fence at the edge of the cliff and the construction of a safety net at the base of the un-barricaded cliff. Re-Assessment of the Likelihood of Risk Occurrence After the establishment of the three remedies, the risks associated with the falling of the cliffs changed significantly. During the first incidence, the proposed remedial action was the installation of a safety net at the ba se of the cliff. With the safety net installed in the desired construction place, the likelihood of risk occurrence remained at three in a scale of five (3/5), a fraction that represents 60% likelihood of the risk occurrence. Concerning the expected consequences, the repercussion rated at three in a scale of five (3/5), a fraction that also represents 60% chances of occurrence of consequences. The risk rating associated with the occurrence of the hazards mentioned above after the installation of the safety net was still high. This aspect means that despite the presence of the safety net, there was no assurance that the cliff could not collapse. The second remedial solution to mitigate or avert the occurrence of the risk of the collapsing cliff involved the installation of a fence at the edge of the cliff. When they installed a fence at the periphery of the cliff, the risk likelihood reduced to one in a scale of five (1/5), a fraction that represents 20% chances of risk occurrence in the construction project. Concerning the resultant consequences expected after the installation of a fence, the severity of the consequences were rated at three in a scale of five (3/5), a fraction that represents 60% of the expected consequences. Concerning the risk occurrence, the risk rating remained considerably high. When they installed both the fence and the safety net at the same time, the risk likelihood reduced to one in a scale of five (1/5), the consequences reduced to three out of five (3/5), and the risk rating was medium or average. The Type of Risk Assessable With a Quantitative Risk Tool Of the three risks that could occur in different incidences, the risk that deserves a quantitative risk assessment tool is the last risk incidence. Quantitative assessment methods are suitable when finding the conceptual differences between various aspects using the numerical values as data (Jorgensen Emmitt 2008). According to the standards of research, quantitative methods will m ostly provide numerical solutions where two different concepts are requiring comparison through the provision of numerical data to assess the differences (Jorgensen Emmitt 2008). The third incidence comprises a combination of two solutions integrated together in a solution matrix to provide a sustainable answer to the problem of the risky cliff. With a quantitative tool, the assessor will get varied numerical values in the two concepts before ascertaining which of the two remedies could offer the best solution. Conclusion Project construction involves various risks that can befall both the project owner and the contractors. The case of the Millennium Stadium Plc and the Liang Construction is one among the construction contracts that reveal significant lapses in the proper tendering and procurement of the contractor services in the public construction tenders. Lack of proper understanding of the procurement and tendering processes, hurry towards winning the construction tenders, and improper cost estimations are among the first lapses that most of the employers and prime contractors fail to understand while entering in construction agreements. However, in the case where hazards are identified, it is important to avert the risks by setting up remedial actions to subvert the risks. Reference List Al-bizri, S. Gray, C. 2010, ‘Management framework for technology clusters implementation’, Construction Management and Economics, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 771-782. Cha, H. O’Connor, J. 2005, ‘Optimising Implementation of Value Management Processes for Capital Projects’, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol. 131, no. 2, 239–251. Chan, A., Scott, D., Lam, E. 2002, ‘Framework of Success Criteria for Design/Build Projects,’ Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 120-128. Eriksson, P. Laan, A. 2007, ‘Procurement Effects on Trust and Control in Client-Contractor Relat ionships’, Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 387-399. Forgues, D. Koskela, L. 2009, ‘The influence of a collaborative procurement approach using integrated design in construction on project team performance’, International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, vol. 2, no. 3, pp-370-385. Henjewele C., Sun, M., Fewings, P. 2012, ‘Analysis of Factors affecting Value for Money in UK PFI Projects’, Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 9-28. Jaafar, M. Aziz, A. 2009, ‘Procurement reform in public sector governance: A timely necessity’, The Malaysian Surveyor, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 25-29. Jorgensen, S. Emmitt, S. 2008, ‘Lost in transition: the transfer of lean manufacturing to construction’, Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, vol. 15 no. 4 pp. 383-398. Mead, J. Gruneberg, S. 2013, Programme Procurement in Constructio n: Learning from London 2012, Wiley, New York. Naoum, S. Egbu, C. 2003, ‘Critical Review of Procurement Method Research in Construction Journals’, Procedia Economics and Finance, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 6-13. PWGSC: Procurement Management Manual 2014. Web. Taylor, T. 2003, ‘The Proper Use of Offsets in International Procurement’, Journal of Public Procurement, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 338-356. Thai, K. 2001, ‘Public Procurement Re-examined’, Journal of Public Procurement, vol. 1 no.1, pp. 9-50. Wong, F., Lam, P, Chan, E Shen, L 2007, ‘A study of measures to improve constructability’, International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 586-601. Xavier, P. 2015a, Risk Management, Part I: Concepts Strategy. Web. Xavier, P. 2015b, Risk Management, Part II: Methodologies Tools. Web. This essay on Welsh Rugby Union Risk Management Concept was written and submitted by user Edward Sullivan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Columbias internal Conflicts essays

Columbia's internal Conflicts essays Columbia is located in the Northwest of South America with one coast along the Pacific and the other along the Caribbean Sea. While the population is very diversified, more than half of the people are of Spanish-Indian decent. European ancestry makes up the next biggest percentage, along with the blacks, mulattos, and zambos (black-Indian mix). Instability in politics and the people began in the beginning when the people won their land over the Spanish royalists. After the defeat of the Spanish army, the republic consisted of all of the formerly Spanish owned land. Simon Bolivar was elected its first President and Francisco de Paula Santander, Vice President. Two political parties that grew out of conflicts between the followers of Bolivar and Santander, the Conservatives and the Liberals, have dominated Colombian politics. The conflicts stemmed from ideas of the Conservatives who wanted a centralized government that ruled in affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church. The lib erals, Santanders followers, were in favor of a de-centralized government, where the church did not have power over educational and civil issues. Both parties held office throughout history almost an equal number of times. Despite the constant instability, the government was able to maintain its democratic way of electing a different leader every four years. Notwithstanding the country's commitment to democratic institutions, Colombia's history has been characterized by periods of widespread, violent conflict. Two civil wars resulted from bitter rivalry between the Conservative and Liberal Parties. The War of a Thousand Days (1899-1902) cost an estimated 100,000 lives, and up to 300,000 people perished during "La violencia" (The Violence) of the late 1940s and 1950s. Although Columbia started with the grounds of a growing economy, it flourished as a battle zone for those producing and trafficking drugs. ...

Mariner 4 - Mission to Mars - Brief History of Mariner 4 Mission to Mars

Mariner 4 - Mission to Mars - Brief History of Mariner 4 Mission to Mars Mars is in the news a lot these days. Movies about exploration of the planet are popular, and several space agencies around the world are planning human missions in the next decades. Yet, there was a time not so long ago in human history when NO mission had been to the Red Planet. That was in the early 1960s, when the Space Age was picking up momentujm. Since then, scientists have been exploring the planet Mars with robotic spacecraft: mappers, landers, rovers, and orbiters  such as Mars Curiousity, as well as the Hubble Space Telescope, which observes Mars from orbit around Earth.  But, there had to be a first successful mission to get this all started. Mars excitement began when Mariner 4 arrived at the Red Planet on July 15, 1965. It got as close as 9,846 km (6,118 miles) from the surface and returned the first good images of the cratered, dusty terrain. It was not the first mission launched to Mars, but it was the first successful one.   What Did Mariner 4 Show Us? The Mariner 4 mission, which was the fourth in a series of planetary exploration missions, revealed the cratered, rust-colored surface of the planet. Astronomers knew Mars was red from years of ground-based observations. However, they were amazed at the color seen in the spacecrafts images. Even more surprising were pictures that showed regions showing evidence that liquid water had once etched its way across the surface. Yet, there was NO evidence of liquid water anywhere to be found.   In addition to various field and particle sensors and detectors, the Mariner 4 spacecraft had a television camera, which took 22 television pictures covering about 1% of the planet. Initially stored on a 4-track tape recorder, these pictures took four days to transmit to Earth. Once past Mars, Mariner 4 orbited the Sun prior to returning to the vicinity of Earth in 1967. Engineers then decided to use the aging craft for a series of operational and telemetry tests to improve their knowledge of the technologies that would be needed for future interplanetary spacecraft. All in all, the mission was a great success. Not only did it serve as a proof of concept for successful planetary exploration missions, but its 22 images also revealed Mars for what it really is: a dry, cold, dusty and apparently lifeless world.   Mariner 4 Was Designed For Planetary Exploration NASA built the Mariner 4 mission to Mars to  be tough enough to get to the planet and then study it with a set of instruments during its quick flyby. Then, it had to survive the trip back around the Sun and supply more data as it flew. Mariner 4s  instruments and cameras had the following tasks: study interplanetary fields and particles, including the magnetic field of Mars, cosmic dust, cosmic rays, and the solar wind;take close-up images of Mars in hopes of discovering the geologic and atmospheric processes at work on the planet over the eons;provide experience in operating long-term interplanetary missions.   The spacecraft was powered by solar cells that provided about 300 watts of power for the ships instruments and television camera. Nitrogen gas tanks supplied fuel for attitude control during flight and maneuvers. Sun and star trackers helped the spacecraft navigation systems. Since most stars were too dim, the trackers focused on the star Canopus.   Launch and Beyond Mariner 4 rode to space aboard an Agena D rocket, launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch complex in Florida. Liftoff was flawless and a few minutes later, the thrusters fired to put the spacecraft into a parking orbit high above Earth. Then, about an hour later, a second burn sent the mission on its way to Mars.   After Mariner 4 was well under way to Mars, an experiment was approved to study the effect of transmitting the spacecrafts radio signal through the Martian atmosphere just before the spacecraft disappeared behind the planet. This experiment was designed to probe the thin blanket of air surrounding Mars. That task threw mission planners a real challenge: they had to reprogram the spacecrafts computer from Earth. That had never before been done, but it worked perfectly. In fact, it worked so well that mission controllers have used it many times with other spacecraft in the years since then.   Mariner 4 Stats The mission was launched on November 28, 1964. It arrived at Mars on July 15, 1965 and performed all its mission activities well. Controllers lost communication with the mission from October 1, 1965 to 1967.  Then contact was restored for a few months before it was lost again, for good. Throughout its entire mission, Mariner 4 returned more than 5.2 million bits of data, including imaging, engineering and other data.   Want to know more about Mars exploration? Check out Eight Great Mars Books, and also keep an eye out for television specials about the Red Planet. Its a sure bet that there will be an increasing amount of press as humanity gets ready to send people to Mars.

Nashville urban plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nashville urban plan - Essay Example For this to happen, Nashville must be planned in a manner that ensures that there are enough infrastructural facilities such as roads, enough housing, electricity, stadium, water and sewerage facilities. In addition, there must be enough social facilities in the city such as hospitals, schools, and religious places, as well as recreational facilities. It is only in so doing that Nashville will be able to restore its former glory and be competitive with the rest of the cities in the world. After having conducted a feasibility study in Nashville, it became apparent that Nashville lugs behind because of poor planning. For instance, Prestige Worldwide found out that the road network is a big problem in Nashville. This is because there are few roads that link the city to the rest of the country. This inconveniences communities as they take long on the roads as noted by Parfect, Power, and Ldr International (62). Furthermore, the few roads available are very narrow thereby causing traffic jams to build up very fast. As a result, people spent too long on roads either to or from Nashville. Therefore, as city planners, we have proposed the construction of bypasses to help ease congestions and reduce the traffic jams. At the same time, we have also come up with a strategy to expand the size of the roads leading into the city from its current single lane to eight dual carriages. At the same time, we shall ensure that all roundabouts causing a buildup of traffic jams to and from the city during rush hours are replaced with flyovers, which will see some cars pass from above. Certainly, this will help reduce the traffic menace currently being witnessed in Nashville. A feasibility study conducted by Prestige Worldwide also found out that public transport is a big problem in Nashville. This is because the city has a high number of people commuting from the city outskirts to the town center while there are few available means of public transport (Parfect, Power, and Ldr Interna tional 68). As a result, we intend to solve this problem by establishing both a subway and railway system. As such, we strongly believe that trains will help sort the problem of public transport in the city. The trains will be electric powered and will have a terminus at different locations where commuters will be picked at dropped. Smith and Zepp (16) reveal that Nashville is among the fastest growing cities in the U.S. with its population having doubled over the last century. In spite of the population growth, Nashville has not had enough housing structures to accommodate the growing population. This has resulted in the development of ghettos in the city. However, as the planners of the city, we have proposed the demolition of shanties build in the city, which will then be replaced with modern housing structures. We intend to oversee the construction of as many houses as possible so as to reduce the housing problem being experienced in Nashville. A feasibility study conducted with in the cities central business district also showed a lack of proper planning cause’s congestion in the city. This is because there is no pedestrian system connecting important destinations as noted by Faragher (13). As a result, we propose the construction of pedestrian lanes between houses within the central business

Research issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research issues - Essay Example Although authors like Horgen, Datar and Foster 2003 (as cited in Boyns & Edwards, 2013, p.22) provided separate definition of these two terms, it is difficult to see where they draw a line in-between these two. They defined management accounting as â€Å"It measures and reports financial and non-financial information that helps managers make decision to fulfil the goals of an organization† and defined cost accounting as â€Å"measuring and reporting financial and non-financial information relating to the cost of acquiring or utilizing resources in an organization†. As evident from these definitions, there is actually no difference in these definitions besides the shift of focus. Where one focus on achievement of organizations goal, the other focus on cost of resources that will help the organization to achieve it resources. It is evident that management accounting is the accounting, which will help organization in achieving its objectives. The widely accepted definition of management accounting according to the  Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, is "the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, interpretation and communication of information used by management to plan, evaluate and control within an entity and to assure appropriate use of and accountability for its resources. Management accounting also comprises the preparation of financial reports for non-management groups such as shareholders, creditors, regulatory agencies and tax authorities"  (CIMA Official Terminology, 2005). History The belief about the history of management accounting is that it existed even before the incorporation of large multi-national organizations. The small organizations doing business at that time also had the need to survive in the long run and needed the maintenance of positive cash flows to achieve this survival. These organizations needed some to direct their affairs to achieve their objectives. Those allotted the position of responsibility to achieve these objectives clearly needed specific information and details of the business to ensure long-term survival. As these details were supplied in form of accounting information, these firms were following management accounting even at that time. However, as there is no tangible proof to verify this history, it has not allotted much importance (Boyns & Edwards, 2013). The basic start of management accounting is associated with E.I du Pont de Nemours and Company, common name DuPoint. In 1903, the owners of the company Coleman, Alfred and Pierru du Point took a challenge upon themselves, which lead to the proper establishment of management accounting. The company was majorly a gunpowder manufacturing company, a very successful company facing severe competition, it was at that point its owner decided to start â€Å"forward integrating† by establishing their own network of branch sale offices throughout the whole United States. They also initiated â₠¬Å"backward integration† by buying out numerous of their supplier, with this they emerged as the largest vertical company in the United States. This huge structure of the organization created frenzy on how to manage it and lead to the innovation and use of management accounting techniques of budgeting and return on investment so that

Developing Cultural Competence in Nursing

Developing Cultural Competence in Nursing Christopher Mason Cultural Interview with Patrick de Mendoza The culture in which we are raised greatly influences our attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors. Our families taught us how to believe about and treat people who were different than we are. In order to provide sensitive and effective care to persons from cultures that are different from our own, two things must occur: An awareness of one’s own cultural values and beliefs and a recognition of how they influence our attitudes and behaviors. An understanding of the cultural beliefs and values of others and how they are influenced by them (Wintz Cooper, 2009, p. 7). I interviewed Patrick de Mendoza, a 37 year old Mexican-American male. My intentions in conducting this interview were to learn more about how a person from the Hispanic heritage experiences health care in the United States compared to someone of the Caucasian background. Patrick and I are close friends with similar interests. I never saw him as Hispanic, only as American. I never considered us to be very different. The fact is, he is of Mexican and Spanish decent and I am of European and Native American decent. While we have similar ideas on our outlooks to the future, there are differences in the way we were raised and the views we were taught to believe. This article will compare and contrast our views of and encounters with healthcare. When asked about how closely he identified with his ethnic background, he stated, â€Å"90% of my friends are Mexican, as in either 1st or 2nd generation Mexican-American. There is an importance placed on how far away generationally we are from having lived in Mexico. First generation means both parents are full-blooded Mexican. I am 2nd generation.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) Even though Patrick has been raised in the U.S., his upbringing was based on Mexican traditions. In his home English and Spanish are spoken. He doesn’t speak Spanish fluently and is more comfortable speaking English. He says regarding personal space and dialogue, â€Å"there is very small personal space and dialogue can go to the male or female. However, you have to jump in and speak if you want to be heard. Typically the Spanish dialogue is very energetic.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) As a Hispanic, Patrick was raised Roman Cat holic. He was taught to not only respect his elders, but to pitch in and help wherever he could to help his family and community. When asked what his culture believed about health, Patrick said that most Mexicans in the United States get what they need when they are sick by crossing the border back to their family or physicians their family knows and uses in Mexico. â€Å"I have a jaded opinion of the American healthcare system knowing that I can get the drugs or treatment I need faster and cheaper in Mexico.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) Patrick says, â€Å"I personally have a bias against the old school white male clinician that I am likely to see during a doctor visit. It is more textbook question after question and less inviting.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) Having said that, he did explain that in Mexico you a more likely to see a physician who is more involved and interested in what will make you feel b etter. Funny enough, Patrick laughed and said, â€Å"That’s real too!† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) When I asked Patrick if he would prefer to have a physician from his culture, he said, he would probably be more open with someone from his culture. However, if not, he would hope to see a qualified physician to whom he could relate. On a more positive note, Patrick told me that in the Latin culture mental illness such as schizophrenia and Down syndrome are not looked down upon but instead are accepted by the family and the community. â€Å"You come together as a community to provide whatever they need and to offer support for not just the mentally ill but also for the physically ill, grieving, and the indigent.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) I asked Patrick what role his culture and religion played in his up-bringing. In a very earnest response, he replied, â€Å"I think in Mexican heritage we really val ue family life.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) Society did not dictate how he was disciplined even though the Mexican population is Roman Catholic as a culture. When I asked him about his own health, he replied that he becomes quite overwhelmed with the stress of being a pre-school teacher. He added, how a person carries their stress determines how healthy or sickly they may be. Patrick felt he could be healthier and that he could better his own situation using diet, exercise, and stress management. In 2003, the Institute of Medicine recognized that an increasing number of studies focusing on disparities in healthcare validated the view of racial and ethnic minorities as credible assessments. For example the biased views often held by Mexican-Americans toward their physician have a true influence on the patient as well as the physician. While the patient questions competency and may disrespect the physician because he is culturally different and not of the same ethnicity, conversely the physician’s perspective is often influenced by the patient’s avoidance of treatment and difficulty in communication (Blendon et al., 2007). In my interview with Patrick he reinforced this point by saying, â€Å"The relationship you have with a physician or nurse determines the types of questions they are free to ask and how freely you will answer them.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) Very personal questions, sexual in nature or concerning abortion are purposefully not answered if a patient assesses the physician as not caring or trust worthy. Trying to get answers out of him as a patient would be very taxing for a physician with whom he felt no bond or trust, even to the detriment of his health. Latin heritage is structured with a religious upbringing of Roman Catholicism that deters conversations concerning contraception and abortion. Abortion is a religious belief not a physician’s advice or a recommendation of a healthcare practitioner. A first visit is very different and although Patrick says he would probably be very reserved, he would give that physician the opportunity to build a trusting relationship. With his healthcare experiences at Kaiser Permanente, in particular, he has had no continuity of care and has received most of his treatment from nurses and nurse practitioners. Exasperated, Patrick commented, â€Å"I am likely to see a physician for about 5 seconds, if at all.† (P. de Mendoza, personal com munication, February 20, 2014) Again he repeated, â€Å"†¦ and that’s real too!† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) Contrary to most Mexican-Americans, Non-Hispanic whites in the United States are in some ways more compelled by logic than culture when sick and dealing with healthcare. As far back in time as I can remember, if I became ill my mother either called the doctor or took me to the doctor’s office for a visit. I believe in western medicine, but my physician spoke the same language I did and I had health insurance that helped to pay for services. Rationally, it makes sense to go to the person who has the knowledge to solve the problem you are having. If you are having car trouble you go to the auto-mechanic. If you are having issues with your roof leaking, you call the roofer. If you are having complications within your body, you call the person who knows the most about the human body. Traditionally, for Caucasians in America whose grandparents’ grandparents were U.S. settlers, that person is a physician. Whether for a slight cold or a broken limb, I saw the doctor. I never had any problems getting an appointment because I never really had to have one. I very simply went to the office and signed in. Usually there was somewhat of a wait, but the time was well worth the medical resolution. I saw the same physician my father always had. When he retired his son took over his practice and he is still my physician today. â€Å"Since our hospitals were built by European Americans for European Americans, their values such as autonomy, independence, and privacy prevail in our institutions. Patients who have immigrated†¦ often value the family over the individual or view the male head of household as the decision maker for the patient† (Galanti, 2001). The hospital staff maintains that patients should want to gain their independence as a part of a healthy outcome (Galanti, 2001). Health outcomes are certainly affected by socio-economic advantage and cultural non-minorities benefit from higher rates of employment, acquisition of insurance, as well as choice and quality of health services. Mental health is another area where Mexican-Americans and Non-Hispanic whites differ. Both populations seem to have contrasting ideas about the causation of psychiatric illness which affect the roles family members play in treatment and recovery. The Hispanic culture is accepting of the person regardless of the ailment. The Mexican perspective accepts and expresses less blame, embarrassment and stigmatization than what I have personally witnessed in my own culture. I had an uncle who was an alcoholic. In the community and in the family people expressed a common feeling of disgust for him. My brothers and I were always told, â€Å"Stay away from Paul, he drinks too much.† Whether a genetic disorder such as Down syndrome or complication from drug use during pregnancy, the child is accepted with open arms and warmth. Patrick proudly stated, â€Å"The family and community comes together as one to pitch in and help those who suffer from perhaps schizophrenia or alcoholism. It is a cultural fundament to actively participate and help.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) Patrick’s mother suffers from schizophrenia. He says, â€Å"Every one of all ages is expected to chip in and make sure the person suffering is not left behind to suffer alone.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) Patrick continued with high spirits telling me that Latin America is very conversational rather than a more reserved culture where some things are not discussed. â€Å"There is a comfort in everyone chiming in; no one is labeled or shunned because they share a different opinion from the rest of the group. We are an open forum.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) Culture and ethnicity create a unique pattern of beliefs and perceptions as to what â€Å"health† or â€Å"illness† actually mean. In turn, this pattern of beliefs influences how symptoms are recognized, to what they are attributed and how they are interpreted, and effects how and when health services are sought. (Anderson, Scrimshaw, Fullilove, Fielding, Normand, 2003, p. 68) Utilization or lack thereof is not always due to an absence of medical facilities or health insurance. Sometimes there isn’t a language barrier that keeps someone from having a conversation with a healthcare practitioner. Even as there is a growing population of medical professionals of the Hispanic ethnicity as well as other minorities, generally most Mexican-Americans expect their primary practitioner to be an older white male. In Patrick’s view, this acts as a deterrent to the United States healthcare system for most Mexican-Americans. While Patrick’s idea of the physician’s ethnicity may inhibit most of his Mexican-American friends; this is an image of a provider that I am used to. As bravado as Patrick’s culture is, for 8 of 9 of his closest friends the head of the family is the grand-ma, abuelita. â€Å"We often take the opinion of our elders, grand-mother or uncle who you know are on your side.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) At this point Patrick has an HMO. He says, â€Å"Doctors are not advocating for me.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) If he sought a physician’s advice, the recommendation always comes from family and friends. Longstanding in Mexican culture, many tend to go over the boarder to have procedures performed. Patrick said, â€Å"I don’t know if it is of the same quality as U.S. healthcare, but unless you have a really good job with excellent insurance coverage and a strong bond with your physician, then you trust the people your family go to when they are sick.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) Shocking to me, he added, â€Å"I have friends that are in the military with great healthcare, but they still go to Mexico to get procedures they need because their families went there.† (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014) The Clinical Nurse Leader character was formed by the AACN in 2006 to afford headship across all aspects of our health care organization (Shipman, Stanton, Hankins, Odom-Bartel, 2013). Patrick felt that miscommunication and a lack of cultural understanding leads to mistrust. He said, The more you trust a doctor the better relationship you have and the more inclined you are to talk about your personal issues and relationships. When I’m referring to going over the border, I’m speaking of seeing the family doctor. It does say a lot to have a family doctor because you have a history with someone who can identify with your beliefs (P. de Mendoza, personal communication, February 20, 2014). As a Clinical Nurse Leader, we are responsible for advocating for the patient and for fostering communication between patients, their families or care takers and nurses and physicians alike. The involvement of a CNL in patient treatment could soon be as prevalent in health care facilities as physician assistants and nurse practitioners are now. CNLs could put programs in place for retaining and recruiting diverse staff. This would provide a deeper well of knowledge of beliefs and practices from many cultures not just one or two. Another obligation of all practitioners and specifically Nurse Leaders is to ensure that educational materials are available that are culturally and linguistically appropriate for each clients’ cultural history. Our patients should feel as though their Clinical Nurse Leaders have given them the tools to actively be involved in their own health treatment. These are basic cultural competencies that, when implemented, further the cultural riches within he alth facilities already available to diverse communities. A Clinical Nurse Leader, having specific training in cultural awareness, will hopefully creatively lessen communication barriers, facilitate the integration of larger knowledge bases of ethnic health beliefs, as well as better conditions and practices. To provide an equal quality of healthcare to everyone hardly means treating all patients the same. In order to give optimal health care to everyone, all professionals must consider humanity’s many differences, attempt to know each client, and tailor treatment to the individual. We could also work with area providers in sensitivity training helping them to become aware of their beliefs that work to marginalize other ethnicities. (Anderson et al., 2003, p. 72) I hope that these accomplishments and goals toward quality of care are realized in the near future. It is senseless for a country as advanced as the United States is to have such a miraculous body of medical and biologic knowledge, if we fail to use that information to optimize the health situations of all the people that make-up our society. Patrick felt his health was not at its best due to the amount of stress he experiences. He felt his health could be transformed by more positive thinking, setting realistic goals, eating better, and exercising. As Clinical Nurse Leaders, we should be promoting inter-professional team care and embracing not an alternative system, but a complimentary treatment approach to the patient as a whole. References Anderson, L. M., Scrimshaw, S. C., Fullilove, M. T., Fielding, J. .E., Normand, J., (2003). Culturally competent healthcare systems: a systematic review. American journal of preventive medicine, 24(3), 68–79. doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00657-8 Blendon, R. J., Buhr, T., Cassidy, E. F., Perez, D. J., Hunt, K. A., Fleischfresser, C., . . . Herrmann, M. J. (2007). Disparities In Health: Perspectives Of A Multi-Ethnic, Multi-Racial America. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.26.5.1437 Galanti, G. A. (2001). The challenge of serving and working with diverse populations in American hospitals. Diversity Factor, 9(3), 21-26. Shipman, S., Stanton, M., Hankins, J., Odom-Bartel, R. (2013). INCORPORATION OF THE CLINICAL NURSE LEADER IN PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE. Journal of Professional Nursing, 29(1), 4-10. doi: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2012.04.004

Hayward Healthcare Systems Essay

Mr. Bob Jackson is the new operations manager in Hayward Healthcare Systems. He came in to solve a number of problems with the distribution center including high levels of defects and errors in orders from clients. In just a few weeks after accepting the position, Mr. Jackson discovered that the former manager hired supervisors on the basis of job seniority and friendship. Moreover, many of his employees were convicted felons who disturbed the work environment. Arguments and other issues between employees were solved with physical or verbal abuse; this in part was because background and references were not checked prior to hiring those employees and managers and supervisors failed to fulfill their duty and responsibilities. One day Mr. Jackson was informed about a heated dispute between two of his employees. The tense situation was between a black and a white male for the music that was played in the workplace. Because there was no official company policy in regards to the music that was allowed in the workplace, Mr. Jackson was puzzled on whether or not to penalize the employees and even more important, how he could prevent further similar situations. Summary of Recommendation Before creating a new company policy in regards to unacceptable employee conduct, Mr. Jackson must settle the conflict by disciplining both Mr. Ed Williams and Mr. Buddy Jones. Mr. Jackson must use his power as operations manager and suggest upper level management to suspend these two employees for a short period of time. In addition, both employees should be issued a written warning informing them of immediate termination of their employment upon another confrontation or other unacceptable conduct. Aditionally, Mr. Jackson must recommend company management to create a corporate policy on the music allowed in the worksite. By informing all his employees that all of them should respect this policy or they are going to be disciplined, he can ensure that incidents such as the one of Mr. Williams and Mr. Jones will be less likely to occur in the future. Case Analysis Mr. Bob Jackson is the new operations manager of the distribution center for Hayward Healthcare Systems. This $80 million a year business hired Mr. Jackson for this job in hopes that he solve the problems in the distribution center. Recently, â€Å"the center had experienced a very high level of defects (140 per month) and an unacceptable rate of errors in the orders taken from client hospitals† (O’Rourke, 2013, p. 301), so Mr. Jackson seemed to be the right candidate to correct these issues. Considering that Mr. Jackson had operations experience in the company, top level management felt confident of his capabilities to improve the performance of the distribution center in a fairly short period of time. After a few weeks into his new position, Mr. Jackson discovered that five supervisors hired by his predecessor had been selected for their position on basis of job seniority or personal friendship (O’Rourke, 2013, p. 301). Without any doubt, this caused employee – supervisor relationships to be tense, unprofessional and of poor credibility; For example, it was evident that employees had an overall negative attitude towards their peers and managers. This caused the overall working environment to be hostile, between others. In addition to the situation of the supervisors, Mr. Jackson also discovered that â€Å"seven employees were convicted felons who had been imprisoned for violent assaults on their victims† (O’Rourke, 2013, pp. 301-302). Clearly, it can be assumed that employees were hired without their backgrounds and references being checked. On the other hand, because of their violent background, employees were used to settle their differences with physical and verbal attacks to each other. Even worse, poor management did not attend these issues letting the situation to escalate. The climax of this situation came when Mr. Ed. Williams and Mr. Buddy Jones got into a heated dispute on the type of music that was played in the worksite. Considering that Mr. Jackson’s workforce included minorities, including black people such as Mr. Williams, it was essential for upper level management to develop a corporate policy on this, which at the time they did not have. In contrast to past managers, who failed to discipline  negative actions, Mr. Jackson had to be sure to both discipline these two employees and advocate for a corporate strategy that would specify music issues in order to avoid similar situations over the long run. Alternatives Identified Upon this issue, Mr. Jackson is limited in his alternatives. As a newly hired manager, he must decide on two important issues: the situation of Mr. Williams and Mr. Jones and also how he will prevent similar situations in the future. I have identified two alternatives on the situation of his employees and also one on how to prevent future harsh situations. Also, an option has been identified so Mr. Jackson in case he can not deal with the situation. In reference to the situation between Mr. Williams and Mr. Jones, Mr. Jackson can: †¢Accept the situation †¢Ignore the situation By accepting the situation, Mr. Jackson will be able to discipline both employees by perhaps suspending them from their shores and also issuing them a written warning. Besides serving as punishment for their actions and as a statement of â€Å"this behavior will not be accepted anymore†, this action will indicate other employees as a warning that unprofessional behavior will not be longer accepted. Besides taking this immediate action, Mr. Jackson must suggest to upper level management to create a corporate policy on the music allowed in the workplace in order to prevent future similar situations. On the other hand, Mr. Jackson can also ignore the situation and just let it as is, following the pattern of unprofessional management from the previous manager. If Mr. Jackson feels like he can not deal with this situation, he can simply ignore it and just step down from his duties as operations manager. This would not be a good option since not only is this a great opportunity for him to show off his skills but also he was hired to solve this problem. Recommendation Based on the possible alternatives identified for Mr. Jackson, it is  recommendation for him is to discipline both Mr. Williams and Mr. Jones and also to advocate for a corporate policy on the music allowed in the workplace. Immediately, Mr. Jackson should take disciplinary actions against the two employees, Mr. Williams and Mr. Jones. As stated above, Mr. Jackson should suspend 5 business days without pay both of them for their actions on the music player incident. In addition to this, he should also issue a written warning to both of them specifying their wrongful actions and detailing that on a future occasion, similar actions will cause employment termination. On the other hand, a good test on the effectiveness of this recommendation would be to see if after the suspension and warning, the employees continue their past behaviors. In regards to financial costs for this action, these actions will actually save the company money. Specifically, they will save in total 5 days of salary from the two employees. For example, $120 per day for each in five days will total savings of $1,200.00. Besides the financial benefit, a more important benefit will be the security that similar situations will be less like ly to happen. Besides this action, Mr. Jackson should also support the creation of a corporate policy on the music that should be played in the workplace. This will benefit all in the company since everyone will know the type of music that can be played and its volume. No two employees will argue for the music issues since the company will rule over this. A great way to supervise the progress of this this move will be to survey satisfaction from employees after six months of its implementation and to chart future situations dealing with music in the future. In sum, this will be great for everyone in the company and will prevent many future situations such as the one of Mr. Williams and Mr. Jones. References O’Rourke, James S. â€Å"Managing Conflict.† Management Communications: A Case Analysis Approach. 5 ed. New York: Prentice Hall, 2012. 289-315. Print.

Security Strategy For The Company - 756 Words

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